What is a Retired Pope Called? Unpacking the Title and Role of a Pope Emeritus
For centuries, the papacy was a position held until death. When a pope passed away, his successor was elected, and the previous pope, well, he was no longer pope. However, in recent history, this has changed, leading to a new title and a unique situation within the Catholic Church. So, what is a retired pope called? The answer is a Pope Emeritus.
The Emergence of the Pope Emeritus Title
The concept of a pope retiring is relatively new. Historically, popes were seen as holding their office for life, and resignation was exceedingly rare, with the last voluntary resignation before 2013 occurring in 1415. This changed dramatically in February 2013 when Pope Benedict XVI announced his resignation, citing his declining strength due to advancing age. This unprecedented move necessitated a clear designation for his post-papal status.
Following Pope Benedict XVI's resignation, the Vatican officially conferred upon him the title of Pope Emeritus. This title signifies that he is no longer the reigning Pope but retains a spiritual connection and a certain veneration due to his past office. He is also often referred to simply as "Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI" or "His Holiness Emeritus Benedict XVI."
Understanding the Title "Emeritus"
The term "Emeritus" itself is Latin and means "honored" or "retired." It is commonly used in academic and ecclesiastical circles to designate individuals who have retired from an active position but are retained in a formal capacity to honor their past service and contributions. In the context of a pope, it acknowledges his monumental service and leadership of the Catholic Church while also recognizing that he is no longer responsible for its day-to-day governance.
Key Distinctions: Pope Emeritus vs. Reigning Pope
It is crucial to understand the distinct roles and privileges associated with being a Pope Emeritus versus a reigning Pope:
- Authority and Governance: A Pope Emeritus does not hold any governing authority within the Catholic Church. The powers and responsibilities of the papacy are fully transferred to the newly elected Pope.
- Title and Dress: While referred to as "Emeritus," a Pope Emeritus is typically permitted to retain the white cassock, a symbol of his papacy, though without the scarlet piping and stole that mark the reigning Pope. He also keeps the Fisherman's Ring, although it is ritually defaced after his resignation to prevent its future use.
- Residence: Pope Benedict XVI, for instance, chose to live in the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery within Vatican City, a quiet place of prayer and reflection. This allows for a dignified retirement while remaining close to the Holy See.
- Public Appearances: Public appearances by a Pope Emeritus are rare and generally for specific, significant occasions. They are not involved in the day-to-day operations or public pronouncements of the Church.
Historical Precedent and Future Implications
While Pope Benedict XVI is the first modern pope to resign and adopt the title "Pope Emeritus," there have been historical instances of popes relinquishing their office. However, these were often under duress or contested circumstances. The voluntary resignation of Benedict XVI and the subsequent establishment of the "Pope Emeritus" title create a precedent for future papal transitions.
This development allows for a more flexible approach to the papacy, acknowledging that a pope may choose to step down if he feels unable to fulfill his duties effectively due to age or health. The title "Pope Emeritus" ensures that such a former pontiff is honored for his service while clearly delineating the authority of the current reigning Pope.
In summary, when a pope retires, he is called a Pope Emeritus. This title, adopted by Pope Benedict XVI, signifies his honorable retirement from the papacy while acknowledging his lifelong dedication and service to the Catholic Church.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How does one become a Pope Emeritus?
A Pope Emeritus is created when a reigning Pope voluntarily resigns from his office. The resignation must be formally declared and accepted, at which point the former pontiff is then conferred the title of Pope Emeritus.
Why did the title "Pope Emeritus" become necessary?
The title became necessary because Pope Benedict XVI was the first modern pope to voluntarily resign. Without a precedent, a clear designation was needed to distinguish him from the reigning Pope and to honor his past service while acknowledging his retired status.
What are the responsibilities of a Pope Emeritus?
A Pope Emeritus has no official responsibilities or governing authority within the Catholic Church. Their role is primarily one of prayer, reflection, and offering spiritual support, honoring their past leadership without exercising current power.
Can a Pope Emeritus be elected Pope again?
While theoretically possible, it is highly unlikely and unprecedented for a Pope Emeritus to be elected as Pope again. The title itself signifies a retirement from active service, and a new Pope would already be in office.
What is the difference in dress between a reigning Pope and a Pope Emeritus?
A reigning Pope wears the white cassock with scarlet piping and often a stole. A Pope Emeritus typically wears the white cassock but without the scarlet piping and without the stole, symbolizing his retired status.
