Who controls Al-Aqsa now? Understanding the Complex Realities of the Holy Site

Who controls Al-Aqsa now? Understanding the Complex Realities of the Holy Site

The question of who controls Al-Aqsa, also known as the Temple Mount by Jews, is at the heart of one of the world's most enduring and sensitive conflicts. For the average American reader, understanding this dynamic requires a look at history, religious significance, and the current political realities on the ground. It's not a simple answer of one entity having sole authority, but rather a complex arrangement involving multiple players and ongoing tensions.

The Religious Significance of Al-Aqsa

Al-Aqsa Mosque, also referred to as Al-Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary), is the third holiest site in Islam. It's believed to be the place where Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven. For Jews, the site is the holiest in Judaism, believed to be the location of the First and Second Temples.

This profound religious importance for both faiths is a primary reason why control and access to the site are so fiercely contested and deeply symbolic.

The Current Arrangement: A Joint Custodianship with Israeli Oversight

Currently, the administration of Al-Aqsa is managed by a Waqf, an Islamic trust. Specifically, it is overseen by the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf, which is administered by Jordan.

However, Israel exercises significant control over the site, particularly regarding security and access. After the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel captured East Jerusalem, including the Old City and Al-Aqsa. While Israel has maintained overall security responsibility and controls entry and exit points, it has largely allowed the Jordanian Waqf to administer the day-to-day religious affairs within the compound.

Key Aspects of the Current Arrangement:

• Administration of the Site: The Jerusalem Islamic Waqf, under the patronage of Jordan, manages the religious activities and upkeep of the mosques and courtyards within the Al-Aqsa compound. This includes allowing Muslims to pray and conduct religious services.
• Security Control: Israel's police and security forces are responsible for the overall security of the entire area, including the entrances and exits to the compound. They also have the authority to restrict access and enforce security measures.
• Access for Non-Muslims: Non-Muslim visitors, including tourists and pilgrims, are permitted to visit Al-Aqsa compound during specific hours, but they are generally not allowed to pray or engage in religious rituals. These visits are often escorted by Waqf guides, with Israeli police present outside the immediate mosque areas.
• Restrictions and Tensions: This arrangement is frequently a source of friction. Palestinians and many Muslims view Israeli security presence as an intrusion and an attempt to assert sovereignty. Conversely, Israel cites security concerns for its oversight.

Historical Context: A Shifting Landscape

The control of Al-Aqsa has changed hands numerous times throughout history. It was under Muslim rule for centuries, then briefly held by Crusaders, and then returned to Muslim control.

The modern era's complexity began with the end of the British Mandate for Palestine in 1948 and the subsequent establishment of the State of Israel. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied East Jerusalem, including the Old City and Al-Aqsa. This occupation and the subsequent decisions regarding the site have been central to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The Role of Different Actors

Understanding who controls Al-Aqsa also means acknowledging the influence and claims of various groups:

• Palestinians: They view Al-Aqsa as a core part of their national identity and religious heritage. They advocate for full Palestinian control and access, free from Israeli security presence.
• Israeli Government: Israel asserts its sovereignty over the entire city of Jerusalem and maintains that it is responsible for security at the holy site to prevent violence and terrorism.
• Jordan: As the Hashemite Kingdom, Jordan has historical ties to Jerusalem and was given a special role in administering the Waqf after 1967.
• Religious Groups: Both Muslim and Jewish religious organizations have significant interests and influence, often pushing for greater access and recognition of their respective claims.

The situation at Al-Aqsa is dynamic and often volatile, with Israeli security measures, Palestinian access restrictions, and occasional provocations from all sides contributing to ongoing tensions. For many, Al-Aqsa is not just a religious site, but a potent symbol of national aspirations and a focal point of the broader political struggle.

FAQ Section

How is the day-to-day administration handled at Al-Aqsa?

The day-to-day administration, including the opening and closing of the mosques, religious sermons, and the maintenance of the compound, is handled by the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf, which is a Jordanian trust. They are responsible for the religious functions within the sanctuary.

Why does Israel maintain security control if the Waqf administers the site?

Israel maintains security control, particularly at the entrances and exits and in the surrounding areas, citing the need to prevent terrorist attacks and maintain order. Following the 1967 war, Israel took responsibility for the overall security of East Jerusalem, including the holy sites, to ensure the safety of all visitors and worshippers.

Can non-Muslims visit Al-Aqsa?

Yes, non-Muslim visitors are allowed to enter the Al-Aqsa compound during specific visiting hours. However, they are generally not permitted to pray or engage in any religious activities within the compound, and their visits are often supervised.

What are the main points of contention regarding control?

The main points of contention revolve around sovereignty, access, and security. Palestinians seek full control and an end to Israeli security presence, viewing it as an occupation. Israel asserts its right to secure the site and prevent violence, while also affirming its sovereignty over Jerusalem.